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Risks and benefits. Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations in several countries, global problems still persist. The burden of oral disease is particularly high on the disadvantaged and poor population groups in both developing and developed countries.

The diversity of oral diseases and patterns and development trends across countries and regions reflect distinct risk profiles and establishment of preventive oral health care programmes.

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The important role of socio-behavioural and environmental factors in oral health and disease are shown in a large number of socio-epidemiological surveys. In addition to poor living conditions, the major risk factors to oral health relate to unhealthy lifestyles i. Several oral diseases are linked to non-communicable chronic diseases primarily because of common risk factors.

Moreover, general diseases often have oral manifestations e.

Worldwide strengthening of public health intervention through implementation of integrated disease prevention measures, Primary oral Health Care, and health promotion is urgently needed. The challenges to oral health improvement are particularly high in developing countries.

Rezumat Povara afecţiunii orale şi riscul sănătăţii orale la nivel global şi regional Obiectivele lucrării ţin să sublinieze importanţa poverii afecţiunilor orale la nivel global şi regional, cât şi să indice influenţa majoră a factorilor de risc socio-comportamental ai sănătăţii orale.

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În ciuda îmbunătăţirii majore a sănătăţii orale a populaţiei din mai multe ţări, problemele globale încă persistă. Povara afecţiunilor orale este deosebit de mare pentru persoanele defavorizate şi sărăce, care aparţin grupurilor de populaţie din ţările în curs de dezvoltare şi dezvoltate. Sănătatea orală deficitară are un efect predominant asupra stării generale de sănătate şi asupra calităţii vieţii oamenilor de toate vârstele. Diversitatea bolilor orale, a modelelor şi tendinţelor de dezvoltare în diferite ţări şi regiuni, reflectă diverse profiluri de risc, cât şi stabilirea programelor de prevenţie a sănătăţii orale.

Rolul important al factorilor socio-comportamentali şi de mediu în domeniul sănătăţii orale este demonstrat prin numărul mare de anchete socio-epidemiologice. Pe lânga condiţiile de trai precare, factorii majori de risc pentru sănătatea orală se referă la un stil de viaţa nesănătos dietă, nutriţie, tutun, alcool, igiena orală precarăprecum şi disponibilitatea redusă, şi accesibilitatea serviciilor de sănătate orală.

Este necesară consolidarea de urgenţă, la nivel tratament articular în poltava, a intervenţiei sănătăţii publice prin aplicarea măsurilor de prevenire a afecţiunilor orale şi îngrijirea primară a sănătăţii orale, dar şi promovarea sănătăţii.

Provocările pentru îmbunătăţirea stării de sănătate orală sunt vizibile în ţările în curs de dezvoltare. Introduction Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations in several countries, global problems still persist.

Poor oral health may be a profound effect on general health. Furthermore, oral diseases restrict activities in school, at work, and at home causing millions of school and work hours to be lost each year the world over. In the majority of these countries, the WHO standard survey methods for clinical registration of oral disease conditions are applied for obtaining quality data [21]; calibration trials are conducted for effective control of inter-examiner variability.

Country data are updated regularly for oral health surveillance and appropriate hamei unguent pentru articulații health intervention.

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In addition, WHO has developed research tools for oral health questionnaires relevant to analyses of social determinants in oral health [21]. Social tratament articular în poltava The current global and regional patterns of oral disease essentially reflect risk profiles which relates to living conditions, lifestyles and existence of oral health systems.

The significant role of structural, socio-behavioural and environmental factors in oral disease and health is shown in a large number of epidemiological surveys.

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Predominantly, surveys of dental diseases have been carried out in both developed and developing countries tratament articular în poltava these studies indicate that many people around the globe suffer from pain or discomfort from tooth decay and periodontal disease. Diseases of teeth and mouth affect people of all ages and for both developing and developed countries the disease prevalence is particularly high amongst the poor or disadvantaged population groups.

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In Belarus, Moldova and other CIS there are not sufficient data on differences in dental caries prevalence between people with different incomes. Meanwhile, the dental caries level among children living in nursery houses is lower than in children tratament articular în poltava with parents. In countries of Eastern Europe as well as in West European countries, WHO global studies on dentate status document that complete loss of natural teeth is more prevalent among adults with low education than among adults with high education.

Particularly, differences in numbers of edentulous people are found at old age [11]. A core group of modifiable risk factors is common tratament articular în poltava many chronic diseases and injuries. Oral diseases have risk factors in common with the four most prominent non-communicable diseases, i.

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The key risk factors relate to unhealthy lifestyles e. Diet rich in sugars is significant risk factor to dental caries and other chronic diseases and tobacco use and excessive consumption of alcohol are causal factors in development of periodontal disease and oral cancer. The strong correlation between several oral diseases and other chronic diseases is primarily a result of the common risk factors that tend to cluster in underprivileged population groups.

Meanwhile, general disease conditions also have oral manifestations e. The burden of dental caries Dental caries and periodontal disease are historically considered the most important components of the global oral articulații dureroase în coate burden.

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At present, the distribution and severity of dental caries vary in different parts of the world and within the same region or country. Thus, the disease level in children is relatively high in the American and European regions whereas it is less common or less severe in the African region [20].

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Thus, there are unsolved problems of dental caries prevention even in countries in Tratament articular în poltava Region. In most developing countries, dental caries severity levels have been low until recent years while now dental caries prevalence rates and dental caries experience tend to increase rapidly.

This is particularly due to the undergoing transition of nutrition and the growing consumption of sugars, unhealthy lifestyles, limited regular dental care, and inadequate exposure to fluoride. In contrast, a caries decline among children has been tratament articular în poltava in most industrialized countries over the past 30 years or so. This new pattern is considered a response to a number of public health measures, including school oral health programmes, effective use of fluoride, and improved self-care practices, coupled with changing living conditions and adoption of healthy lifestyles.

Dental caries levels in countries as expressed by the mean number of Decayed, Missing due to caries, and Filled Teeth DMFT of 12 year old children around the globe [20] Fig.

DMFT of 12 yrs. References: Albania — Hysi D. In concrete figures of the recent publications, Fig. A very low caries is observed in China and Thailand, a very high — in Denmark and Hungary.

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tratament articular în poltava As it known, oral care in Denmark is one of best in the world [12]. Obviously, the economic level of country has no tratament articular în poltava direct effect on oral health of the population but first reduces the needs for dental care.

As shown in Fig. In several industrialized countries older people often have had their teeth extracted early in life because of tratament articular în poltava severe tooth decay and limited access to dental care. The proportion tratament articular în poltava adults aged 65 years or more with complete tooth loss is still prominent in high income countries but during recent years middle income countries show the uppermost scores of complete tooth loss.

In middle income countries tooth decay has grown dramatically and tooth extraction has become frequent due to shortage of dentists and the high cost of restorative dental care.

In contrast, many industrialized countries demonstrate a continuous reduction of tooth loss among older people [11]. The improvement of dentate status is particularly tratament articular în poltava in Scandinavian countries with advanced oral health services oriented towards prevention and health promotion.

The case of Denmark [12] illustrates such positive trend towards elimination of tooth loss and more people now preserve a functional dentition consisting of 20 teeth or 9 more.

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Worth noting however, the prominent social inequality in dentate status persists over time. Using these methods, within the international project, the large prevalence of gum bleeding was noted among 12 — and 15 — year -old children in tratament articular în poltava localities of six countries Table 1. These data may indicate that in a global perspective many children and adolescents have signs of gingivitis.

Symptoms of periodontal disease are highly prevalent among older adults within all regions [13]. DMFT of olds in selected countries according to recent publications — Percentage of elderly edentulous by publications — 1 — Belarus, Yudina N. Prevalence of dental caries mean DMFT among people 65 yrs.

There are even more differences in prevalence of the less severe symptoms of periodontal disease. For example, in the East European region, Belarus and Russia reports the prevalence of periodontal disease symptoms among year-old children was as Lupan et al.

Smoljar et al. Kiselnikova et al. Khamadeeva et al.

Pestă porcină africană

In south-central Asia, cancer of the oral cavity ranks among the three most common types of tratament articular în poltava. In India, the age standardized incidence rate ASR of oral cancer is In this region the frequent occurrence of oral cancer particularly relates to consumption of smokeless tobacco such as betel quid, areca or pan. It is noteworthy that sharp increases in the incidence rate of oral cancers have been reported for several high income tratament articular în poltava and regions such as Denmark, France, Germany, Scotland, central and eastern European and to a lesser extent Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the USA.

Oral cavity cancer is high among underprivileged population groups reflecting a high level of tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption in these population groups. Oral lesions strongly associated with HIV infection are pseudo-membranous oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, HIV gingivitis and periodontitis, Kaposi sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.